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Why do earthquakes happen?
Deutsche Welle
10 Sep 2023, 15:46
An earthquake measuring 6.8 on the moment magnitude scale (MMS) has shaken Morocco. With its epicenter in the Atlas Mountains, about 70 kilometers (40 miles) from Marrakech, the earthquake was also felt in neighboring Algeria and as far north as Portugal.
The Atlas Mountains span about 2,300 kilometers across Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Known as fold mountains, they were created by the collision of tectonic masses: the Eurasian Plate to the north and the African Plate to the south.
"The Atlas Mountains are on the border between the two plates and are therefore a known as earthquake zone," said Fabrice Cotton, a professor of seismology at the German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam.
How earthquakes happen
The Earth's crust is formed like a jigsaw puzzle, with different individual pieces slotting together. There are some gigantic oceanic plates and several smaller continental plates. Exactly how many small and very small tectonic plates there are is subject to scientific debate.
All of these plates are "swimming" in the molten core of the Earth. Because magma swells from the core at certain fracture points, the plates have shifted and migrated a few centimeters every year for billions of years. They move away from each other, rub against each other or push up against each other, causing the continent above them to move. Such movements are known as plate tectonics.
These tectonic shifts regularly cause plates to collide. When the resulting tension that builds up in the plate's rock become too great, they can fracture and parts break away with a jolt. Waves of pressure emanate from this epicenter and reach the Earth's surface, where they are felt as earthquakes.
Regions that fall on fault lines, where tectonic plates meet, are therefore particularly prone to earthquakes. Any quake reaching 5.0 or above on the MMS can cause visible damage to buildings, for example.
If a quake happens under an ocean, tsunamis may occur. These high-velocity, expanding waves can cause deadly flooding if they hit the mainland. It is very, very difficult to predict quakes in such regions due to constant seismic activity, Cotton said.
Powerful earthquakes are nearly always followed by smaller aftershocks, which occur because the tectonic plates at the epicenter continue moving until they eventually settle again. Aftershocks, too, can cause serious damage. Buildings that were damaged during the original quake may collapse, leading to more deaths, injuries and displacement.
"The only way to protect people from earthquakes is to build earthquake-proof buildings," Cotton said.
Comments
The Indian Product Boycott Movement vs. Reclaiming the Hat
It’s best not to discuss or mention the type of person who announced the start of the Indian Product Boycott Movement. However, it was surprising to see some BNP political party leaders and supporters engage in such an unrealistic endeavor.
There exists a persistent anti-India sentiment in Bangladesh, deeply entrenched and hard to eradicate. This sentiment stems not only from the country’s partition or the Pakistan movement. Despite the division of the Indian subcontinent first into two and then into three parts, the underlying issue has always been religious. The emergence of these three countries was not based on modern principles, and religious influence still pervades among the leftists, rightists, and nationalists alike. Furthermore, these nations have yet to adopt any practical diplomacy and politics that could unite the culturally similar populations of this subcontinent. Politics in these countries are so ingrained in society that they overshadow common cultural heritage.
On the surface, the cultured individuals in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh do not harbor hatred or division. However, they are in the minority.
For the majority of the populace, the mindset is uniform. From Bangladesh, it may appear that anti-India sentiment is rampant within its borders. This opposition often becomes pronounced during elections or for political maneuvering. Conversely, the common people across India do not generally hold negative views about Bangladesh, which has minimal impact on India’s politics and economy. Thus, there is no significant basis for anti-Bangladesh sentiment in India. However, I have observed some journalists and professors in India expressing frustration, questioning whether India must provide food for Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh.
Currently, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh have gained importance to India for security reasons. Many journalists who were initially annoyed about providing aid have substantially revised their opinions. They now support a friendly government in Bangladesh, understanding that China’s influence is expanding not only through Tista’s Chicken Neck and off the coast of Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal but also in parts of Chittagong. Hence, for their national security interests, Indian concerns extend beyond Bangladesh to West Bengal as well. Future changes in the political landscape or borders of West Bengal, driven by security needs, would not be surprising.
All these developments occur as India is poised to become the world’s third-largest economic power, with a GDP currently surpassing that of China.
In today’s political landscape, it is unrealistic to expect the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), which has not only governed the nation multiple times but also played a pivotal role in SAARC during its 1991 tenure, to start opposing any SAARC country—even if by mistake.
The BNP boasts numerous educated leaders and high-caliber professionals within its ranks. They are well aware that product boycotts and non-cooperation movements have historically never succeeded. India’s Sarvodaya leader, Jayaprakash Narayan, acknowledged that the only successful non-cooperation movement occurred in Bangladesh in 1971. Despite his leftist leanings and admiration for Gandhi, Narayan viewed the Bangladeshi non-cooperation movement through Gandhi’s principles. However, this movement, led by Bangabandhu against the West Pakistan government, was not the endeavor of an opposition party. As an elected representative, Bangabandhu and his party were effectively the authority at that time. Although his party secured all its seats in East Pakistan, the West Pakistan-centric military government was reluctant to transfer power. Realizing that negotiations with Pakistan had reached a dead end, Bangabandhu took it upon himself to assert control in East Pakistan—soon to be Bangladesh. His initial step was to administer East Pakistan as per his directives rather than those of West Pakistan’s central government. Given that he was an elected leader, not only the populace but also the administrative machinery supported him.
Despite knowing this historical truth, the BNP lost to political strategies on October 28, 2023, they called for a non-cooperation movement. They received no significant response there. Yet, why some leaders and activists of the BNP—a party that has come to power several times—rely on the intellect and opinions of those dependent on Facebook and YouTube to engage in a boycott of Indian products is truly astonishing!
Critics of this movement would benefit from understanding Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi’s late-life reflections on his initiatives. Professor Nirmal Kumar Bose, Gandhi’s one-time private secretary, questioned the effectiveness of the foreign product boycott and the use of the spinning wheel. Gandhi responded that spinning increased concentration, a rationale that frustrated Bose. He found Gandhi’s explanation unsatisfactory and reflective of a ‘schoolmasterly’ demeanor, preferring to impose his views rather than foster understanding. Bose, with his urban sensibilities, choose silence over confrontation with Gandhi’s rural mindset. Thus, if BNP proponents of the boycott claim they are following Gandhi’s path to enhance focus, their rationale cannot be disputed further.
However, it must be acknowledged that the Indian Product Boycott Movement is unlikely to succeed, and it will not lead to anarchy. Essential and affordable products cannot be eradicated from the market. During Gandhi’s time, even the impoverished who supported his movements wore British mill-made clothes. Similarly, the absence of food riots today can be attributed to the availability of products in the market. Such chaos typically arises only when essential goods are inaccessible.
Moreover, the gap between the twentieth century, when Gandhi initiated the product boycott, and today’s global commercial landscape is immense, akin to the distance from the Earth to space. In the contemporary world, products from various countries are readily available side by side in markets everywhere. Consumers simply choose what they prefer. Presently, there is more contention between the people of America and China than between those of Bangladesh and India. Yet, despite the tensions, Bangladesh remains one of the top countries whose citizens frequently visit India. Similarly, Chinese tourists are among the highest in the United States. These tourists do not solely sightsee; they also purchase local products. Thus, regardless of calls in Bangladesh to boycott Indian goods, the multitude of tourists traveling daily are not carrying Bangladeshi items. Instead, they return with Indian goods and potentially, products from other countries like China, Vietnam, Britain, and the USA bought in India. Likewise, Chinese visitors to the US do not restrict their purchases to American products; they also buy items from Indonesia and other nations. In an era of global free trade, where the movement of goods is liberalized and consumers universally embrace the principle of sourcing from the most cost-effective markets, no politically savvy party that aims to govern in the modern world would adopt an outdated, impractical strategy like Gandhi’s product boycott.
Recent reports from BNP’s initial policy-making meeting confirm this modern approach. According to the newspapers, Iqbal Mahmud Tuku, one of their policymakers, asserted that the statement made by Rizvi was his own opinion and not representative of the party. Meanwhile, another senior policymaker, Amir Khosru Chowdhury, emphasized that Rizvi’s decisions or statements do not reflect the party’s stance.
On the other hand, isn’t the BNP’s frustration with the elections solely centered around India a kind of mistake? Didn’t China also want continuity in their investments here? Did the West only want ballots here? How much of democracy worldwide is actually in the hands of the ballot now! Instead, the BNP needs to understand that they were the ones who started corporate-controlled politics in this country, albeit on a small scale. But the Awami League has taken that Hat from them. Therefore, it shouldn’t be hard for the BNP’s senior policy makers to focus on retrieving their own Hat rather than looking towards movements like boycotting Indian products influenced by Facebook and YouTube users.
Swadesh Roy is a highest national award-winning journalist in Bangladesh, Editor and Publisher of Sarakhon & The Present World.
Source: The Present World
Schools and colleges to remain closed for 7 days
Heat alert has been issued in various parts of the country due to severe heatwave. In this situation, the Directorate of Secondary & Higher Education has extended the holidays of all secondary schools and colleges in the country till April 27 considering the health and safety of the students.
This information was given in a notification from the Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education on Saturday (April 20).
According to the notification, primary and secondary schools will remain closed for seven days from Apr 21 to Apr 27.
In this regard, Mahbubur Rahman Tuhin, senior information officer at the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education said that secondary level schools and colleges will remain closed till April 27 due to the heatwave. Regular classes will begin on April 28.
Earlier, the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education announced the closure of the primary school assembly through a notification due to the ongoing heatwave in the country.
The Ministry of Primary and Mass Education is keeping a close watch on the heatwave across the country. Considering the situation, all government primary school assemblies in the country will remain closed until further notice.
DU classes to be held virtually amid heatweave
Dhaka University (DU) authorities have decided to hold classes virtually until further notice due to the ongoing heatwave.
The university authorities made the announcement on Thursday (21 April).
According to a press release issued by DU today, the online classes will be held until further notice.
However, the residential halls at the university will remain open, Prof Sitesh Chandra Bachar of DU said.
Dozens arrested as US campus protests over Gaza spread
Protests against the ongoing war in Gaza have spread at Yale University in Connecticut and New York University in Manhattan in the United States. Police arrested dozens of people on Monday night to disperse the ongoing protests at New York University. The British media BBC reported.
Authorities arrested at least 47 protesters on the Yale University campus in New Haven. The university confirmed the matter in a statement.
The ongoing protests on U.S. campuses captured the world's attention last week when New York City police arrested more than 100 protesting students on the campus of Columbia University. As part of the protest, the students setting up tent encampments at its New York City campus last week. Authorities have expelled the arrested students from the university after the police made the arrests.
Hundreds of Columbia University teachers staged a mass walkout on Monday to protest the arrests of students protesting on their campuses. In addition, the authorities announced on Monday that all classes of the university will be conducted virtually.
Meanwhile, protests in support of Palestine are taking place at major US educational institutions, including the University of California at Berkeley, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the University of Michigan and Emerson College. But many U.S. politicians and campus-based organizations are claiming the protests as an anti-Semitic movement.
Sonia to receive PNS-Bipasha Guhathakurata award
Nazrul-sangeet singer Mirajul Jannat Sonia has been nominated as the finalist for PNS-Bipasha Guhathakurta Memorial Award-2024. The award will be officially handed over to the recipient on April 30.
Remembering the fondest memories of late artist Bipasha Guthakurta, 'PNS-Bipasha Guhathakurta Smriti Sammanna' was launched from this year. The award includes cash and crest. Bipasha Guhathakurata was the founder of popular cultural organisation Prasanga Nazrul Sangeet (PNS).
Artist Mirajul Jannat Sonia is a known face in Nazrul sector. She is a disciple of Pandit Ullas Kaslkar of the classical genre of music.
Slow internet, may suffer for a month
Fiber Cable breaks down near Indonesia's sea area, for that the country's second Submarine Cable SEA-ME-WE-5 network has been out of service. As a result, the customers including the internet service providers of the country are getting slow internet service for the last four days. Meanwhile, Bangladesh Submarine Cable PLC said that the repairing time of the submarine cable can be lengthy till the last week of May. BSPLC General Manager Saidur Rahman informed that news on Tuesday (April 23).
He said that the SEA-ME-WE-5 cable broke down in the sea coast of Indonesia at midnight last Friday. They take a little more time for administrative work. All in all, they said, the work can be done amid of the third or fourth week of next month.
Primary schools to reopen across Bangladesh from Sunday
Primary schools across the country will reopen from Sunday (April 28), the day also scheduled for reopening high schools and colleges amid the ongoing heat wave across the country.
This information was given in a notification sent by Mahbubur Rahman Tuhin, Senior Information Officer of the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education on Saturday noon.
According to the notification, the class time has been reduced from 8am to 11:30am. Class activities will continue in government primary schools from April 28.
However, the schools with one shift will complete Class activities from 8:00am to 11:30am. The schools with two shifts will complete Class activities between 8:00am and 9:30 for the first shift and between 9:45am and 11:30am for the second shift.
A notification from the Ministry of Education on Thursday (April 25) said that class activities will continue on Saturdays of every week until further instructions to meet the learning deficit created due to the closure of class activities due to heat wave and other reasons and to achieve learning results according to the new curriculum.
